What are Different Types of Kidney Failures?
- Acute Prerenal Kidney Failure
- Insufficient blood flow to the kidneys can cause acute prerenal kidney failure. The kidneys can’t filter toxins from the blood without enough blood flow. This type of kidney failure can usually be cured once the cause of the decreased blood flow is determined.
- Acute Intrinsic Kidney Failure
- Acute intrinsic kidney failure can be caused by direct trauma to the kidneys, such as physical impact or an accident. Causes also include toxin overload and ischemia, which is a lack of oxygen to the kidneys. Ischemia may be caused by:
- severe bleeding
- Shock
Renal blood vessel obstruction
- glomerulonephritis, which is an inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys
- Chronic Prerenal Kidney Failure
- When there isn’t enough blood flowing to the kidneys for an extended period of time, the kidneys begin to shrink and lose the ability to function.
- Chronic Intrinsic Kidney Failure
- This happens when there is long-term damage to the kidneys due to intrinsic kidney disease. Intrinsic kidney disease is caused by a direct trauma to the kidneys, such as severe bleeding or a lack of oxygen.
- Chronic Post-Renal Kidney Failure
- A long-term blockage of the urinary tract prevents urination, which causes pressure and eventual kidney damage
When kidneys fail, there are three treatment choices:
Living Donor Kidney Transplant Surgery : A living donor may be someone in your family. It may also be your spouse or close friend. In some cases, it may be a stranger who wishes to donate a kidney to anyone in need of a. Thorough examination of the donor is done before accepting a candidate.
Cadaveric or Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant Surgery : In this the kidney is taken from a brain-dead person and the family members have given consent to donate the organs. Extensive blood tests are done on both donor and recipient
What are the Types of Kidney Treatments?
The two treatments for kidney failure are kidney transplantation and dialysis. Two different types of dialysis can be done – hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Kidney Transplantation. This is an operation that places a healthy kidney into your body. The kidney can come from someone who has died or from a living donor. A new kidney will usually function immediately. You will need special medicines to prevent your body from rejecting the new kidney. If rejection happens, dialysis is needed and you can consider a second transplant. A kidney transplant is a treatment, not a cure. Kidney transplant recipients still have chronic kidney disease, and you may still need some of the other medicines you took before the transplant.
Hemodialysis (HD). Hemodialysis is a treatment that removes wastes and extra fluid from your blood. It can be done at home (“home hemodialysis”) or in a dialysis center. During hemodialysis, your blood is pumped through soft tubes to a dialysis machine where it goes through a special filter called a dialyzer (also called an artificial kidney). As your blood is filtered, it is returned to your blood stream. Only a small amount of blood is out of your body at any time. In-center treatment time is 3-5 hours, 3 times a week. People who do home hemodialysis have more flexibility about how often it can be done. If done daily, treatment time would be 1½ to 2 hours. You will need an access into the bloodstream for placing needles needed for hemodialysis. Types of access include:
Fistula. A fistula is the recommended choice for an access. You will need a minor operation to create a fistula. It is made by joining an artery to a nearby vein under your skin to make a bigger blood vessel. This type of access is preferred because it has fewer problems and lasts longer. However, some people may not be able to have a fistula because of their physical condition. Sometimes, it may be possible to switch to a fistula from another type of access. If you do not have a fistula, ask your dialysis care team if a switch would be possible.
Graft. If your blood vessels are not suitable for a fistula, a graft may be used. This involves joining an artery and a nearby vein with a small, soft tube made of synthetic material. The graft is entirely beneath your skin. You will need a minor operation to create a graft.
Catheter. The third type of access, called a catheter, is inserted into a large vein in your neck or chest. The ends of the tubes sit on your skin outside your body. This type of access is generally used when you need dialysis for a short period of time. Catheters are used as a permanent access when a fistula or a graft cannot be placed.
Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). Peritoneal dialysis is a home-based treatment that can be done anywhere (at home, work, or when sleeping). It must be done daily. You will need a minor operation to place a catheter in your abdomen (belly). With peritoneal dialysis, the blood is cleaned inside your body, not outside. The lining of your abdomen (the peritoneum) acts as a natural filter. During treatment a cleansing solution, called dialysate, flows into your abdomen (your belly) through a soft tube called a PD catheter. Wastes and extra fluid pass from your blood into the cleansing solution. After several hours, you drain the used solution from your abdomen and refill with fresh cleansing solution to begin the process again. Removing the used solution and adding fresh solutions takes about a half hour and is called an “exchange
Procedure of Kidney transplant
The kidney transplant procedure involves three main stages:
First, an incision (cut) is made in your lower abdomen (tummy), through which the donated kidney is put into place. Your own kidneys will usually be left where they are, unless they’re causing problems such as pain or infection.
Second, nearby blood vessels are attached to the blood vessels of the donated kidney. This is to provide the donated kidney with the blood supply it needs to function properly.
Finally, the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) of the donated kidney is connected to your bladder.
Rejection of Kidney
Rejection’ means that someone’s body recognises that the transplanted kidney is not ‘its own’ and tries to ‘reject’ it from the body. Even when someone is ‘well matched’ with their transplant kidney (in terms of blood group and tissue type), some degree of rejection is common. The severity of rejection varies from patient to patient. Rejection may be either acute or chronic). With Medical advancements today there are drugs that can help prevent and treat the rejection process.
Benefits of Kidney Transplant
Kidney transplants are very successful, with more than 96 percent of the kidneys, or grafts, transplanted by
Alphine life solutions associated doctors and hospital and are still working after 5 years. Transplants last on average for 10 to 20 years. Patients feel better and have more energy to spend time with their family, do their hobbies, travel and go back to work. Patients also say they have more time – time that would have been spent on dialysis treatments. dialysis can only do 10% of the work of a functioning kidney.
Port Operative care for Kidney Transplant
Patient’s are required to stay in the Hotel/apartment/guest house before the transplant, for investigations. The hospital stay is for 10 days which includes one day before the surgery and then 9 days after the surgery, Afte the transplant 30 days stay in the Hotel/apartment/guest house is necessary for the follow up treatment.
What is the Cost of Kidney Transplant in India?
After Comparing to international healthcare costs, cost of kidney transplant in India (with dialysis) is low. Hospitals in India have the latest technology treating almost 15,000 kidney patients annually from all over the world, providing the best medical care at considerably low prices.
Guidelines and formalities on Renal (Kidney) Transplantation
The primary legislation related to organ donation and transplantation in India, Transplantation of Human Organs Act is aimed at regulation of removal, storage and transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes and for prevention of commercial dealings in human organs.
The various forms outlined in the rules are as follows:
- Form 1: Near-relative consent
- Form 2: Spouse consent
- Form 3: Other than near-relative donor consent
- Form 4: Psychiatrist evaluation of the donor
- Form 5: HLA DNA profiling report
- Form 7: Self consent for deceased donation
- Form 8: Consent for organ donation from family (also applicable for minors)
- Form 9: Consent for organ donation from unclaimed bodies
- Form 10: Brain death declaration form
- Form 11: Joint transplant application by donor / recipient
- Form 12: Registration of hospital for organ transplantation
- Form 13: Registration of hospital for organ retrieval
- Form 16: Grant of registration
- Form 17: Renewal of registration
- Form 18: Decision by hospital authorization committee
- Form 19: Decision by district authorization committee
- Form 20: Verification of Domicile for non near-relative
- Form 21: Letter from Embassy
Necessary Formalities to be completed in India:
- Step1: Obtaining No Objection Certificate from the respective embassy in India. Furnish the following documents at the Embassy:
- A letter on the hospital’s letter head telling that the patient is undergoing the treatment
- Old medical reports and health records
- A small summary of the case or medical history of the patient (if referred)
- An affidavit from the local government authority stating that the patient and the donor are relatives (mandatory for all Foreign Patients).
- 10 photographs each (patient and donor)
- Salary slip or bank statement of both patient and donor as the Income proof
- The consent from the next of kin of donor on a stamp paper that should carry donor’s and kin’s photograph, duly pasted. In case the donor is a cousin, it is necessary for the next of kin to be present at the Transplant Authorization Committee.
- Birth certificate or marriage certificate etc as proof of relation
- Step 2: The patient is required to go to the SDM (Sub Divisional Magistrate
- ) office along with the donor and the relative for getting the affidavit of donor, attested by him. Following documents are needed at the SDM office:
- A letter on the hospital’s letter head telling that the patient is undergoing the treatment.
- NOC from the Embassy
- Affidavit patient
- Affidavit donor
- Affidavit relative
- Step 3: Notary attests the affidavits of the patient and the relative.
- Step 4: After the affidavits get attested, these documents are taken to the Authorization Committee of the hospital for approval. At the same time, the concerned doctors conduct some important tests on the patient and the donor.
- It is prefered that the donor should a first degree family member with the same or compatible blood group. Other relatives ca n also be considered but with proper documents and DNA typing to support their relationship.
- The donor should be Physically and mentally fit
- He/She should be between the age group of 18 and 60 years
- The donor should not be suffering from chronic diseases such as HIV, Severe Hypertension, Hbs Ag, Diabetes etc The donor and the attendant should be near relatives.
